Office Star Usefull for Market Research

Foundation OfficeStar, a provincial chain of office gracefully stores, has chosen to dispatch its own ink cartridge line of items. The objective of the organization is to contend with the standard on-screen characters in the market by offering a lower-evaluated item to its center clients, with which it would like to catch critical piece of the pie in that business. The key figures for this market are as per the following: .. The market for ink cartridges in the district is roughly 2. 3 million units sold each quarter (to rearrange, we accept 2. 3 million clients get one ink cartridge each). ..The creation cost of an ink cartridge is $6. 50; it is sold at a cost of $19. 95 in stores, prompting a gross edge of $13. 45. .. OfficeStar has a house rundown of 500,000 distinguished potential clients, to whom the organization could send tests if that were considered productive. .. Sending an example costs $3 in postage. Not long before propelling the product offering, OfficeStar recruited a statistical surveying organization to perform reproductions and conjecture the future piece of the pie of the item. Results were frustrating. The statistical surveying organization has recognized two key issues: ..Prospective clients are reluctant to attempt this item, and most show up prone to stay faithful to their present supplier (normally, the printer maker). .. In any event, for those clients ready to attempt the item, statistical surveying pretests show a low degree of rehash deals. Exercise As the new item supervisor of the OfficeStar ink cartridge product offering, you needed to distinguish the chances and approaches to enter fortification of OEMs. Information from 40 respondents was caught and is accessible in OfficeStar Data. xls document. Do division study and report your discoveries as 1 page reminder.

Manufacturing and Costs Essay Sample free essay sample

ACF. a car supplier. was succeeding as an organization until remote rivalry started to hurt its hard cash stream. ACF predominantly takes into account the local vehicle showcase and henceforth encountered a hit to its creation contracts station 1985 when the local vehicle producers lost marketshare following in a shrinkage cost convergence for ACF. This caused ACF to examine the present cost development of ACF’s stocks and reasonably sort them in footings of universe classification competitory spot and intensity. The following arrangement of the stocks were as beneath: Class 1: Fuel TanksClass 2: Manifolds. Front and Rear DoorsClass 3: Muffler-exhaust frameworks and oil container The rating other than found that working cost was 435 % of DL dollar cost. which is extreme. Subsequently. ACF redistributed the its Muffler-exhaust frameworks and oil container in 1988 so as to stay competitory in its product line up. 60 DL occupations and 30 aberrant occupations were sliced. Diminishing vacations and bettering proficiency in the sequential construction system improved productiveness. We will compose a custom article test on Assembling and Costs Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In perniciousness of the above helpful advances. the manifolds were more distant corrupted from Class 2 to Class 3 and a transition to re-appropriate their creation. Also, in malevolence of all the above advances. the works was all the while losing concern. The works chief is searching for additional alternatives to stay competitory. Examination: Taking a gander at Exhibit 2 money related worth outline for Bridgeton. there are two significant employments with the way the expense is spread out in the graph 1. The expenses are totaled by twelvemonth and non by the single stocks. 2. The above is more remote muddled because of the way that the working cost costs are amassed over the different product lines offering no clarity on the volumes of the overhead assets required by stock. Further investigation of the overhead cost development shows despite the fact that the Class 3 stocks have been redistributed. the working cost despite everything stays high and even goes from than the old effectively high 435 % to 563 % . Evaluating 1991 product costs with increases equivalent with the 1989-1990 augmentations causes the OH costs go up considerably more distant to 666. 5 % . With the present product cost development. the mean overall gain for a $ 20. 521 total compensation. Display # 2. The product costs inclination up significantly subsequent to redistributing the least proficient product lines. It is henceforth of import to comprehend the exact expenses and sticking volume per stock so right BEV calculation is made conceivable. Display 3 computes the product costs per stock by allocating the Overhead as a for each centum of the DL thus directing the fixed/Variable OH costs according to the cost spread given in the plain exhibit. Appropriation of the OH costs as fixed manufacture and fixed non creation depends on whether the expenses can be ascribed to a product related creation movement or non. Any machine/instrument related expense is ascribed to the fixed creation OH cost. Every single other disbursal are fixed non creation period costs. The 1991 estimations assuming manifolds are redistributed are other than determined for Direct costs each piece great as overhead keeping up the walk of becoming comparable as the old twelvemonth. So for the working costs ( both manufacture and non creation ) . this implies keeping up them consistent at 1. 6 % and 1. 5 % severally to give a whole working cost of $ 68. 099. 67. It would be ideal if you allude to the Exhiblt # 2 for separation inside informations. The annou nced product expenses can be improved by portraying the volumes of the stocks delivered in the period which will in twist help to comprehend the fixed/variable nature of the expenses for the working cost and gracefully better product costs overall. This will help set up a superior separation of unit costs and will assist us with indicating the working total compensation per unit in an unmistakable way.

Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder Overview

Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder Overview More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD In a small, little-noticed subcategory of the Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder (DSM-5, 300.3; ICD-10, F42) diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders â€" Fifth Edition (DSM-5), lies body-focused repetitive behavior disorder. Although they are not each specifically indexed in the DSM-5, these oft-overlooked behavioral difficulties can cause a great deal of distress and functional impairment in the lives of those who struggle with them. Body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) include any repetitive self-grooming behavior that involves biting, pulling, picking, or scraping one’s own hair, skin, or nails that results in damage to the body and have been met with multiple attempts to stop or decrease the behavior. Like their more formally recognized relatives trichotillomania and excoriation disorder, BFRBs which rise to clinical significance must cause notable distress or impairment in the individual’s daily functioning and cannot be better accounted for by a stereotypic movement disorder or non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Types of Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder  BFRBs include, but are not limited to: Trichotillomania: Recurrent hair-pulling, resulting in hair loss. Data suggest that trichotillomania occurs in approximately 1% - 3% of the population.Excoriation Disorder: recurrent skin picking, resulting in skin lesions. Studies suggest  that pathological skin picking affects 1.4% - 5.4% of the U.S. adult population, 75% of whom are female.Onychophagia: Destruction of fingernails or toenails by means of habitual biting. Estimated to occur in approximately 28% - 45% of the population, this behavior may lead to complications such as visible damage to the skin and nails, skin infections, and dental problems including periodontal disease, malocclusion, crowding or rotation and attrition of the incisors.Onychotillomania: Destruction of the fingernails or toenails by means of chronic picking, pulling, and manicuring. Although little empirical data is available on this problem, a number of case reports have been published in both the psychological and dermatological literature.  Complica tions of this disorder are similar to onychophagia.  Lip Biting (Lip Bite Keratosis): The repetitive biting of the skin of one’s own lips.Cheek Biting (Cheek Keratosis): The recurrent destruction of one’s oral mucosa by means of biting with one’s own teeth, typically involving the area of the middle, inner cheek. Estimated to occur in approximately 3% of U.S. adults, complications of lip biting and cheek biting behavior include ulcerations, sores, and infections of the oral tissue as well as the development of keratosis â€" a callous-like formation.Tongue Chewing:  Chronic chewing on the tongue, most frequently the sides of the tongue, is a common oral problem. Complications of the behavior include soreness and keratinization, pigmentation, and hyperkeratosis. Although there has been little study of this problem, it has been noted in the dental literature. Misunderstandings One of the greatest misunderstandings regarding BFRBs is the underlying psychopathology. Contrary to early literature on these behaviors suggesting that they are self-mutilative, recent research suggests they are not related to intentional self-injury. Although  the function of the behavior varies, it is often experienced as self-soothing or assistive in the  regulation  of emotions or nervous system arousal. Most individuals who engage in these behaviors are responding to a physically felt urge (comparable to a premonitory urge to tic) which is relieved by the behavior, or, they are attempting to correct, fix, or otherwise improve some self-perceived aspect of the target area (e.g., the appearance, tactile sensation, etc. For example, to pick a scab with the intent of promoting smoother appearance and faster healing).   Individuals usually do not intend to inflict pain or cause bodily harm. In fact, they are upset by the resulting damage to the skin, hair, or nails, and make repeated efforts to decrease or stop the behavior.   Treatment of Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder Evidence-based treatment  for BFRBs, as evidenced by the study of trichotillomania and excoriation disorder, includes a specific cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), habit reversal training (HRT). HRT  includes awareness training (i.e., self-monitoring), the identification of behavior triggers, stimulus control (modifying the environment to decrease the  likelihood of picking behavior), and competing response training (identifying a substitution behavior that is incompatible with skin picking). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)  and  Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)  skills training have also been shown to be effective as adjunctive strategies to HRT. How Habit Reversal Training Works

The Difference Between Child Abuse And Discipline

Do you know the difference between child abuse and discipline? Child Abuse is when someone physically and mentally hurts another person. Discipline is teaching someone or something to do the right thing. Child Abuse is very common in the United States. Many children suffer from bruising, swelling skin, and broken bones. Situations like this happen because of problems at home or personal problems. Parents at home abuse their children because of drinking and depression issues. In this crazy world, there are numerous types of abuses. There is sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and emotional or psychological abuse. Sexual abuse is an intentional incident that involves sexual relationship to a child using all their power and taking advantage of them. According to Family Community Services, Physical abuse is a nonstop injury that happens more than one time. Neglect is a type of abuse you just don’t care or pay no attention to your child. Emotional or psychological harm is when you make your children think something that isn’t true. Discipline children usually do the things their parents or guardian tell them what to do because they teach them to pay attention and be polite. Child Abuse is constantly hitting your child for no apparent reason. Many children may tease other kids at school but they don’t know what it is happening at home. They don’t know that you are getting abused at home repetitively. Most of the people may not know but if they do they don’t do anythingShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1159 Words   |  5 PagesChild Abuse Crisis in America What is the difference between discipline and abuse? The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), (42 U.S.C.A.  §5106g), as amended and reauthorized by the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010, defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum: â€Å"Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminentRead MoreThe Common Thought People Have Concerning Child Abuse1005 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerning child abuse is what exactly child abuse is. Child abuse is described to be â€Å"when a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child.† (Childhelp). Child abuse is when a parent/guardian/caregiver causes physical damage, emotional damage, or psychological damage to a child. In the state of North Carolina, there are severa l sections from state legislation laws in which determines and labels what child abuse is.Read MorePosition Paper- Child Abuse and Discipline1181 Words   |  5 PagesPARENTAL DISCIPLINE AND ABUSE Parental discipline and child abuse are among the most controversial topics currently, and they cause serious problems for children in the United States. Child abuse essentially focuses on the child’s bad behaviors and gives the child emotional and physical harms. Forms of abuse include spanking, hitting, saying negative things and corporal punishment. In fact, parental discipline is a much more appropriate way of dealing with negative behavior than using abusiveRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children990 Words   |  4 Pagesfrequent injuries, have poor nutrition, or avoid specific people for no reason may be showing signs of abuse. Very few people understand what abuse is and how it affects the children that are abused. For the majority of the population, abuse is a new term that many don’t fully understand because it can be defined in different ways depending on how abuse is viewed and considered. Knowing what child abuse is can help the millions of c hildren affected by it each year. Being knowledgeable will also help increaseRead MoreChild Discipline Expository Writing1576 Words   |  7 PagesA Fine Line between Child Abuse and Discipline Child abuse is the physical injury of a child inflicted by a parent which ranges from superficial bruises, broken bones, burns, serious internal injuries and in some cases, death (Prevent Child Abuse America). Child abuse is a topic that causes rage in many discussions throughout the country because it is outrageous actions against innocent children. Many parents question whether discipline can become child abuse. Bell Hooks is an educated woman, feministRead MoreDiscipline is Not Abuse Essay860 Words   |  4 Pagesgetting arrested for simply disciplining a child. But, in older times disciplining a child set good moral standards and taught that child on what that child was supposed to do and what not to do. There is a fine line between abuse and discipline. So what is child abuse? Child abuse consists of any act of commission or omission that endangers or impairs a child’s physical or emotional health and development. Child abuse includes any damage done to a child which ca nnot be reasonably explained and whichRead MoreIs It Child Abuse Or Discipline?1436 Words   |  6 PagesIs It Child Abuse or Discipline? Child abuse viewed in the form of discipline is a growing epidemic that affects both the child in the present and can also damage them emotionally or physically in the future. The line between child abuse and discipline may seem obvious to most people, but where is the line actually drawn? Child abuse is anything that emotionally or physically endangers/impairs a child’s well-being, whereas discipline is correcting a behavior in a manner that helps the child’s growthRead MoreChild Abuse And Child Discipline925 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most controversial topics is the difference between child abuse and child discipline. Abuse is any action that intentionally harms or injures another person. Discipline is punishment that is intended to correct or train. Some parents do not see the harm in their form of discipline, but others may view it as abuse. It may not be the parent’s intention to harm their child but it is something that occurs. â€Å"In 2012, state agenci es found an estimate 686,000 of child maltreatment.† .*(*Kids Count) EveryRead MoreIs Corporal Punishment Child Abuse?841 Words   |  4 PagesHitting, fighting, screaming, ignoring, unnecessary touching, are all examples of child abuse. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars. (Smith, and Segal). There are four types of child abuse, physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. Physical abuse is any type of injury a child may receive, such as scars, bruises, and other visible injuries, which can occurRead MoreDiscipline And Abuse By Ray Rice And Adrian Peterson972 Words   |  4 PagesDiscipline or Abuse? A Thin Line Revealed A thin line exists between discipline and abuse, but where is it drawn? Ray Rice and Adrian Peterson are two individuals who might have just crossed it. Most people agree that Ray Rice, who punched his fiancee in the face, knocking her out cold, committed a crime. How is it, then, that when Adrian Peterson whips his four-year-old son with a switch, it is considered an â€Å"acceptable† form of discipline? Throughout this essay, I wish to explore how people often

Is Ethical Ethics Used Animals For Scientific Research

Kylee Roberts 8th grade Mrs.King April 26, 2016 Is it ethical to use animals for scientific research? When cosmetics and diseases popped up scientists didn’t want to test cures on humans, so they test cures and cosmetics on animals. At first it was little things that weren’t a problem, then they went too far. Animals are starved, shocked, burned, and poisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off so that experimenters could observe whether they d learn to groom themselves with their stumps. In another, polar bears were submerged in a tank of crude oil and salt water to see if they d live. And, for those experiments which do have merit, there exist many non-animal alternatives. One reason that it isn’t ethical to do scientific research on animals is because animals are killed each year. About 20 million animals are experimented and killed annually. LIke I said before animals are starved, shocked, burned, and p oisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off so that experimenters could observe whether they d learn to groom themselves with their stumps. In another, polar bears were submerged in a tank of crude oil and salt water to see if they d live. And, for those experiments which do have merit, there exist many non-animal alternatives. We don’t need animals to die. When scientists testShow MoreRelatedEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?600 Words   |  3 PagesEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree? Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research. This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific researchRead MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Human Research Ethics1035 Words   |  5 Pagesimplementation of ethical codes of conduct in regards to both humans and animals. Milgram’s (1963) obedience experiment prompted various issues related to human research ethics. In Milgram’s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies participa nts at more than minimal risk as the research brought onRead MoreEthics of Animal Testing754 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Testing For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. Testing animals in research revolves around the relative or moral value of humans and animalsRead MoreResearch Ethics : Animal And Clinical Research1188 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Ethics: Animal and Clinical Research When it comes to clinical research, many people think of clinical trials, but that’s only merely a small portion of a process towards a medical development involving a process call bench to the bedside. Clinical research outline scientific investigation involving animal or human subjects helping translate basic research into new treatments that would be valuable to patients. Clinical trials can contain a variety of research under the departments of physiologyRead MoreEthical And Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing And Research759 Words   |  4 Pagesis Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, which emphasized reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use, principles, many scientists referred to the three R’s. These principles encouraged researchers to work to cut down the figure of animals utilized in experiments to the minimum considered necessary, refine or li mit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals withRead MoreCode of Ethics Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesCode of Ethics In order to make certain that the animals are treated in a humane and ethical way, researchers are regulated and monitored by various government agencies. The US Department of Agriculture is responsible for enforcing the Animal Welfare Act and conducts unannounced inspections of research facilities. If the research is a grant recipient, the National Institutes of Health would be responsible for the regulation as well. The American Association for the Accreditation of LaboratoryRead MoreThe Four Primary Ethical Principles1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe Four Primary Ethical Principles in Human Research Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Feldman, 2013, p.5). The simplistic definition is actual very complex, as it includes a persons thought, emotions, perceptions, reasoning process, memories, and their biological activates that maintain their bodily functions (Feldman, 2013, p.5). Psychologists use the scientific method in order to describe, predict, and explain human behavior (Feldman, 2013, p.5). This is doneRead MoreEthics Deals With Sets Of Acceptable845 Words   |  4 PagesEthics deals with sets of acceptable conducts laid down by organizations to guide the conducts and behaviors of members of the organization (Ralston et al, 2014, Para. 3). Individuals acquire their initial behaviors from their respective families. These sets of learned behaviors will be refined and new ones inculcate as the child make contacts at the society through formal and informal education, religious organizations, and pear groups. However, what one values as appr opriate behaviors dependedRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly used phrase to describe an intimate relationship between human and dog that has developed over the centuries. But is this popular phrase true? Are dogs truly a mans best friend? Some argue of course they are— they are friendly, loyal, and in most cases considered a part of the family. But there are those who will disagree—people from other parts of the world, and at different times in history. Take scientists from the nineteenth century, for example, where a man’s best friend was used in scientificRead MoreA Comparison Of Advocates And Adversaries Of Animal Research1641 Words   |  7 Pages A Comparison of Advocates and Adversaries of Animal Research Tony Lee April 20, 2015 Dr. Baine Craft Abstract The belligerent perspectives of animal research hold strongly to different goals. Advocates hold the view that animal research is beneficial to science and medicine, which can be applied for humans and animals alike. This is opposite from the perspective of adversaries who value the life of an animal, as well as related lives. History shows the progression of the adversaries

Education and Typical Public School Free Essays

Another problem pestering the quality of Philippine education is the quality and proficiency of the teachers. According to a recent article (Gerochi, 2002), Filipino teachers lack proficiency in English, Science and Mathematics. Many said that these areas should have been trained comprehensively since as teachers, they should be able to teach the students with a more quality for future growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Typical Public School or any similar topic only for you Order Now But with what I see, the teachers have problems of their own. One example, and the most obvious, is the low salary and terrible working condition. Many public school teachers opt to have â€Å"sidelines† during class that sometimes the teacher simply forgets to teach. But who can blame them if their salaries of around 8000-10,000 pesos, plus deductible, who can a teacher provide for his/her family? And with the rising cost of living, these figures are not enough. Others cannot teach well in class because of the ratio of students to a teacher. In a typical public school, in every one teacher there are 50-60 students in a class! The school facilities can also be a factor of the problem. The Philippines, both in private and public, lacks sophisticated laboratories and facilities to cater the needs of the students. For example, many public schools are still lacking the basic computer laboratories and it is so ironic that computer nowadays, computer education is crucial for future Computer Studies student. Without proper training in computer, how can a student be competitive and computer literate? Jose Rizal reminds us how modern and latest technologies are important in a student’s development in his novel El Filibusterismo. Like in the novel, the laboratory equipment are stored shut in a cabinet and never to be used in class because of the insufficient number of equipment. And when it is shown in class, it is presented like a monstrance of a priest! And prophetic as it seems, Rizal’s time is happening all over again in our contemporary times. Lastly, a common problem of our Philippine education is the rising cost of sending a child to school. Private schools charges skyrocketing tuition and miscellaneous fees to a student that parents are having a hard time to cope with the rising cost of education. Even sending a child in a public school doesn’t fare better since even the poorest of the poor cannot afford to send a child in school. I remember vividly a story of a public school teacher with a pupil of him. He said that this student was so poor that teachers pay for everything so she can go to school. The teachers don’t mind this sacrifice because the student is so bright and intelligent. She never went to college after high school since she cannot really afford it anymore. What saddened the teachers is that this student passed UP but with no scholarship. Right now, many see education not as necessity but a luxury they cannot afford (Reyes, 2002). The state of Philippine education is indeed sad and disheartening. We probably are all asking who’s to blame for all this mess. But we cannot simply point finger since we all have responsibilities to solve these problem. The government tries its best to give the country and it seemed not enough. But we should not blame the government entirely since it is just not the government’s problems. It is the problem of each and every one of us. If we want the highest quality of education in the country, we should work together to solve this problem. As a teacher, these problems will be a big cross to bear. But if I can help solve this problem in my own little way, the cross can be lighter and easier to bear. This is the bitter cup of a teacher to bear. But we must remember that the teacher and every one of us will determine the course of our country’s development through education. Even Rizal said that for a country to progress, education is the key to that success. Solving the problems of Philippine education is a long way to go but if we work for the better, we can attain that quality education we all hope for the best. How to cite Education and Typical Public School, Papers

Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement Intervention Strategies free essay sample

The occupation of a police officer is commonly referred to as one of the most stressful occupations. Causes of stress for police officers can be linked to the organizational structure and the demands of the profession to include shift work, overtime, and years of service. The rigid nature of the organization has been referred to as one of the primary sources of stress for law enforcement. In addition to the stress of the organizational structure, police encounter the threat of violent criminals and disturbing crime scenes as a part of routine daily possibilities. Potential causes of stress for correctional staff are similar to the stress that police officers endure. Stress is derived from internal and external sources to include, prison/jail organizational structure, nature of work-supervision of the inmate population, overtime, shift work, length of time on the job, privacy/safety concerns, threats of inmate violence/actual inmate violence, inmate demands/manipulations, co-workers, specific post or assignments, poor public image, and low pay. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Stress in Law Enforcement Intervention Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Correctional officers and police officers had the highest rates of non-fatal violent incidents at work between 1990-1995 (Finn, p. , 2001). Research regarding causes of stress for law enforcement was inconsistent when attempting to determine the highest rates of stress. Areas of concern for both correctional and police officers that experience work-related stress span from work-related effects to the effects on the employees personal life. Officers can suffer physical ailments as a result of work-related stress that include heart disease, high blood pressure, and eating disorders, etc. Studies have shown that disability of officers has been linked to stress related causes. Additional areas of concern are staff burnout, personal and family relationships that include the displacement of frustration onto family/friends and poor work performance which ultimately compromises institutional safety and creates stress for co-workers. One of the most significant causes of stress in law enforcement is critical incidents and the impact of critical incident stress in law enforcement. A critical incident can be defined as â€Å"any situation in which an officer’s expectations of personal infallibility suddenly become tempered by imperfection and crude reality† (Kureczka, 1996). Critical Incidents in law enforcement are loosely defined because the nature of the incidents can affect officers differently. Examples of critical incidents in law enforcement include line of duty death, serious injury of a co-worker, officer involved shooting, traumatic death of a child, hostage and riot situations. Critical Incident Stress can lead to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Four to ten percent of individuals who experience a critical incident will develop PTSD. Research shows that 87% of all emergency workers experience the effects of critical incident stress (Kureczka,1996). Stressors can be multiplied by compounding events (i. e. death of a suspect and injury to the officer). The effects of a critical incident affect the officer physically, emotionally and cognitively. Physical affects (effects) can range from headaches, muscle aches, sleep disturbance, decreased sexual activity, decreased appetite, and impotence. Emotional affects include anxiety, fear, guilt, sadness, anger, irritability, withdrawal and a sense of feeling lost. Cognitive affects include flashbacks, repeated visions of the incident, nightmares, slowed thinking, difficulty in decision making, disorientation, memory lapse, and the lack the ability to concentrate. Intervention strategies include a variety of options that have been implemented in law enforcement over the past twenty years. Some intervention programs are specific to the everyday stressors of the profession while others are more concentrated to areas involving critical incidents. The development and establishment of stress programs or Employee Assistance Programs are types of intervention programs available. Programs vary by department and in levels of perceived success. Possible program components include trained correctional staff assisting other correctional staff that have experienced a critical incident at work, implementation of a counseling team, implementation of a stress unit, critical incident debriefing, increased communication with employees, wellness programs, staff involvement in policy making and training education programs. The benefits of the implementation of programs to help employees deal with stress include, reduction of overtime costs incurred due to sick time usage, reduction in staff turnover rates, enhanced staff morale coupled with improved job performance, increased institutional and officer safety, improved relations with the union, staff feeling that management/administrators value them as individuals. The role of the administration in providing support to officers’ both pre and post critical incidents has a tremendous The administration’s role in combatting critical incident stress is mutually beneficial to the employee and the agency. The agency impact is on the organizational structure (i. e. other officers, the department, the public, and families) as a whole as well as budgetary impact that affects all areas (retention, training, etc. ). When compared to the cost of intervention, it is financially more beneficial to the organization to spend money on intervention which in turn also benefits the entire organizational structure. . Intervention strategies specific to critical incidents include counseling for employees with counselors that have a thorough understanding f the type of work of law enforcement, as well as the availability of peer support officers that are specially trained to recognize problems and make referrals. The availability of pre-incident stress education and stress management training for new recruits and seasoned employees throughout employment allows employees who experience critical incident stress to recognize the signs and seek help. Additional orientations for families also provides for information on stress in law enforcement to be communicated to prepare families for what to expect in the event that an incident occurs. References Finn, P. (2001). Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies. Criminal Justice Media, Inc. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/docview/ 214386062/fulltext/ 136F9663B05382C356E/ 3? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Kureczka, A. (1996). Critical Incident Stress in Law Enforcement, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/docview/204132441/ fulltextPDF/136F9D8BC523F17E9DF/2? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Feemster, S. 2010). The Forensic Examiner. Addressing the Urgent Need for Multi- Dimensional Training in Law Enforcement Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/ SocialSciences/docview/859010103/fulltextPDF/136FB22E6C16A280637/4? accountid= 36616 on May 28, 2012 To Quit or not to Quit: Perceptions of Participation in Correctional Decision Making and the Impact of Organizational Stress Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/social sciences/docview/214563577/136FB3A66E950711643/2 ? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 Jaramillo, F. , Nixon, R. Sams, D. (2004). The Effect of Law Enforcement Stress on Organizational Commitment. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/ docview /211301458/ fulltextPDF/136FB495CC464AAE192/14? accountid=36616 on May 28, 2012 McCarty, W. , Zhao, J. Garland, B. , (2007). Occupational Stress and Burnout between Male and Female Police Officers Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/socialsciences/ docview/211277163/fulltextPDF/136FBFDCC4976A43D80/1? accountid=36616 on May